June 5th, 2013
In a time of change, we often do not notice that Δ = ∫δ. Here I am thinking of network bandwidth, and my personal experience of it over a 46 year period.
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Tags: acoustic coupler, Addison-Wesley, Austin Texas, BT, building I, California, Cambridge, computing, electronics, ethernet, Global Intelligence, Google, Historical, Imperial College, Leeds, London, New York, operating system, quantum chemical calculations, Samuel Butler, United Kingdom, University College London
Posted in Uncategorised | 4 Comments »
June 2nd, 2013
A few years ago, we published an article which drew a formal analogy between chemistry and iTunes (sic)[cite]10.1021/ci060139e[/cite]. iTunes was the first really large commercial digital music library, and a feature under-the-skin was the use of meta-data to aid discoverability of any of the 10 million (26M in 2013) or so individual items in the store.‡ The analogy to digital chemistry and discoverability of the 70 or so million known molecules is, we argued, a good one.
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Tags: Apple, BBC, digital photography, engineer, Google, Historical, HTML, metadata, opendata, RDF, search term, Steve Bachrach, United Kingdom
Posted in Chemical IT | No Comments »
May 29th, 2013
This is a follow-up to comment posted by Ryan, who asked about isocyanide’s role (in the form of the anion of tosyl isocyanide, or TosMIC): “In Van Leusen, it (the isocyanide) acts as an electrophile”. The Wikipedia article (recently updated by myself) shows nucleophilic attack by an oxy-anion on the carbon of the C≡N group, with the isocyanide group acting as the acceptor of these electrons (in other words, the electrophile). In the form shown below, one negatively charged atom appears to be attacking another also carrying a negative charge. Surely this breaks the rules that like charges repel? So we shall investigate to see if this really happens.
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Tags: low energy, low free-energy barrier, Reaction Mechanism, Tutorial material
Posted in Uncategorised | 2 Comments »
May 24th, 2013
The title of this post comes from a comment posted by Ryan, who asks about isocyanide’s role (in the form of the anion of tosyl isocyanide, or TosMIC) in two named reactions, Van Leusen and Ugi FCR. “In Van Leusen, it (the isocyanide) acts as an electrophile: however, in Ugi, it acts as a nucleophile”. Here are some valence bond forms for this species;
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Tags: Ugi, Van Leusen
Posted in Interesting chemistry | 2 Comments »
May 22nd, 2013
Here is another example gleaned from that Woodward essay of 1967 (Chem. Soc. Special Publications (Aromaticity), 1967, 21, 217-249), where all might not be what it seems.
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Tags: free energy barrier, Historical, Reaction Mechanism, Tutorial material
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May 20th, 2013
Sometimes the originators of seminal theories in chemistry write a personal and anecdotal account of their work. Niels Bohr[cite]10.1007/BF01326955[/cite] was one such and four decades later Robert Woodward wrote “The conservation of orbital symmetry” (Chem. Soc. Special Publications (Aromaticity), 1967, 21, 217-249; it is not online and so no doi can be given). Much interesting chemistry is described there, but (like Bohr in his article), Woodward lists no citations at the end, merely giving attributions by name. Thus the following chemistry (p 236 of this article) is attributed to a Professor Fonken, and goes as follows (excluding the structure in red):
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Tags: electrocyclic, energy, final product, free energy, Gerhard Fonken, Historical, Niels Bohr, pericyclic, professor, Reaction Mechanism, Robert Woodward, Woodward
Posted in pericyclic | 4 Comments »
May 15th, 2013
In the preceding post, I introduced Dewar’s π-complex theory for alkene-metal compounds, outlining the molecular orbital analysis he presented, in which the filled π-MO of the alkene donates into a Ag+ empty metal orbital and back-donation occurs from a filled metal orbital into the alkene π* MO. Here I play a little “what if” game with this scenario to see what one can learn from doing so.
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Tags: African Union, alkene-metal compounds, empty metal orbital, energy, filled metal orbital, free energy, Historical, lower energy form, metal
Posted in Hypervalency, Interesting chemistry | 1 Comment »
May 13th, 2013
The period 1951–1954 was a golden one for structural chemistry; proteins, DNA, Ferrocene (1952) and the one I discuss here, a bonding model for Zeise’s salt (3).
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Tags: alkene-metal interaction, alkene-metal π-complex, cation Ag, Dewar, Dewar's Ag, Historical, metal, metal d-orbitals, naked metal cations, ZTE C79 Cellular Phone
Posted in Interesting chemistry | 1 Comment »
May 11th, 2013
Lukas, who occasionally comments on this blog, sent me the following challenge. In a recent article[cite]10.1021/jo3021709[/cite] he had proposed that the stereochemical outcome (Z) of reaction between a butenal and thioacetic acid as shown below arose by an unusual concerted cycloaddtion involving an S-H bond. He wrote in the article “…this scheme … recommends itself for evaluation by in silico methods“. I asked if the answer could be posted here, and he agreed. So here it is.
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Tags: Reaction Mechanism
Posted in Interesting chemistry | 3 Comments »
May 8th, 2013
The previous post described how the acid catalysed ring opening of propene epoxide by an alcohol (methanol) is preceded by pre-protonation of the epoxide oxygen to form a “hidden intermediate” on the concerted intrinsic reaction pathway to ring opening. Here I take a look at the mechanism where a strong base is present, modelled by tetramethyl ammonium methoxide (R4N+.–OMe), for the two isomers R=Me; R’=Me, R”=H and R’=H, R”=Me.
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Tags: Reaction Mechanism, Tutorial material
Posted in Uncategorised | No Comments »